مدل‌سازی تأثیر فرهنگ بر ایفای نقش کتابخانه‌های عمومی به مثابه مراکز اجتماعی: یک مطالعه‌ داده‌بنیاد

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته دکتری، علم اطلاعات و دانش‌شناسی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.

2 دانشیار گروه علم اطلاعات و دانش‌شناسی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.

3 دانشیار، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.

4 استاد، گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران

5 استادیار گروه علم اطلاعات و دانش‌شناسی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.

چکیده

روش‌شناسی: این پژوهش به ‌لحاظ هدف، کاربردی؛ به ‌لحاظ نحوه گردآوری داده‌ها، پیمایشی؛ و به‌ لحاظ ماهیت داده‌ها نیز یک تحقیق آمیخته از نوع اکتشافی است که با رویکرد نظام‌مند نظریه‌پردازی داده‌بنیاد انجام شد. در بخش کیفی، ابتدا با انجام 33 مصاحبه و 2 گروه کانونی، عوامل مؤثر شناسایی شدند. تأیید روایی این عوامل با استفاده از شاخص نسبت روایی محتوایی (CVR) و پایایی آن‌ها از طریق آزمون ضریب کاپای فلیس به تأیید رسید. در بخش کمی، پایایی ابزار با استفاده از پرسشنامه‌ای متشکل از 16 گویه و با ضریب آلفای کرونباخ به میزان 91/0 تأیید شد. در نهایت، عوامل با روش آنتروپی شانون رتبه‌بندی شدند.
یافته‌ها: سه سازه فرهنگی شامل گفتمان محلی، عرصه‌ مفاهمه و اشاعه‌ فرهنگی، در ایفای نقش کتابخانه‌های عمومی به مثابه مراکز اجتماعی اثرگذارند. در این بین، عرصه مفاهمه مهمترین عامل محسوب می‌شود و اشاعه فرهنگی نیز کمترین تأثیر را در این زمینه دارد. تمامی عوامل دارای روایی محتوایی بیشتر از 33/0 و ضریب کاپای بالاتر از 7/0 بودند، پس همه آن‌ها از روایی و پایایی لازم برخوردار هستند. در نهایت، مدل مفهومی پژوهش نیز در شش بخش طراحی و ترسیم شد.
نتیجه‌گیری: نظریه حوزه عمومی یورگن هابرماس از جمله نظریات جامعه‌شناسی است که با توجه به موازین موجود در آن، به اهداف و رسالت کتابخانه‌های عمومی نزدیک است. کتابخانه‌های عمومی برای ایفای نقش خود به مثابه مرکزی اجتماعی، لازم است تا گفتمان بومی جامعه را ترویج دهند، عرصه‌ای امن برای بحث و مفاهمه‌ آزادانه‌ اقشار مختلف اجتماع باشند و از رخدادهای فرهنگی بومی مطلع باشند. همچنین به عنوان مرکزی گفتگو محور از سوی جامعه شناخته شود و به اشاعه فرهنگی در جوامع محلی بپردازند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Modeling the Influence of Culture in Playing the Role of Public Libraries as Community Centers: A Grounded Theory Study

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Reza Shekari 1
  • Shahnaz Khademi Zadeh 2
  • AbdoReza Navah 3
  • Esmaeil Hashemi 4
  • Mansoor Koohi Rostami 5
1 Ph.D., Department of Knowledge and Information Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Associate Professor, Department of Knowledge and Information Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
3 Associate Professor, Department of Social Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
4 Professor, Department of Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
5 Assistant Professor, Department of Knowledge and Information Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Objective: Today, in addition to their traditional role in accessing books, and providing a place for reading and other recreational and recreational purposes, public libraries are considered as spaces of society that also have important social roles and functions. This research was conducted with the aim of identifying and ranking cultural factors affecting the role of Iran's public libraries as community centers, and in order to provide a conceptual model in this field, based on Jürgen Habermas' theory of the public sphere.
Methodology: This research is applied in terms of its purpose; In terms of data collection, survey; And in terms of the nature of the data, it is a mixed research of an exploratory type, which was carried out with a systematic approach of database theorizing. In the qualitative part, effective factors were identified by conducting 33 interviews and 2 focus groups (each group has 4 people and a total of 8 people). The validity of these factors was confirmed by using the content validity ratio (CVR) index, and their reliability was confirmed through the Fleiss' kappa coefficient test. In the quantitative part, the reliability of the tool was confirmed using a questionnaire consisting of 16 items and with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.91. Finally, factors were ranked by Shannon's entropy method.
Findings: The findings showed that three cultural factors, including local discourse, the arena of understanding and cultural diffusion, are effective in playing the role of public libraries as community centers. Meanwhile, the field of understanding is considered the most important factor and cultural diffusion has the least effect in this field. All factors had content validity higher than 0.33 and Kappa coefficient higher than 0.7, so all of them have the necessary validity and reliability. Finally, the conceptual model of the research was designed and drawn in six sections.
Conclusion: Jürgen Habermas' theory of the public sphere is one of the sociological theories, which is close to the goals and mission of public libraries. On the other hand, the culture factor is a fundamental factor for playing the role of public libraries as community centers. In this regard, many people may still think that public libraries are a place only for reading, but a review of the various actions and activities of public libraries shows that these places carry out various activities that advance the cultural development of societies. In this way, public libraries play a prominent role in carrying out cultural activities. In order to fulfill its role as a community center, public libraries need to promote the native discourse of the society, be a safe arena for free discussion and understanding of different sections of the society, and spread culture in local communities.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • public sphere
  • public library
  • culture
  • community center
  • Jürgen Habermas

مراجع

بازرگان، عباس (1389). مقدمه‌ای بر روش‌های تحقیق کیفی و آمیخته: رویکردهای متداول در علوم رفتاری (ویرایش دوم). تهران: دیدار.
پولادی، کمال؛ بوستانی، مهدی (1396). بررسی عناصر تشکیل‌دهنده حوزه عمومی در اندیشه هابرماس، فصلنامه تخصصی علوم سیاسی، 13(38)، 20-42.
خاکی، غلامرضا (1392). روش تحقیق با رویکرد گرانددی در پایان‌نامه‌نویسی. تهران: فوژان.
رهنمودهای ایفلا: خدمت کتابخانه عمومی (1399). ترجمه فاطمه پازوکی، مریم حسن‌زاده و سکینه قاسم‌پور. تهران: چاپار، اساطیر پارسی.
فاضلی، نعمت الله (1398). بازاندیشی در کار ویژه کتابخانه عمومی بر مبنای سیاست‌های خوانا و نویسا شدن مردم. بازیابی در: http://nppl.ir/wp-content/uploads/session4tehran.pdf
فراستخواه، مقصود (1395). روش تحقیق کیفی در علوم اجتماعی با تأکید بر نظریه بر پایه (گرندد تئوری GMT). تهران: آگاه.
فروزانگهر، حمیده؛ بهزادفر، مصطفی؛ حبیب، فرح؛ فیروزآبادی، احمد (1392). تبارشناسی هنجارهای کیفی طراحی فضاهای شهری با تأکید بر میزان پدیداری آن‌ها در عرصه‌های عمومی. مدیریت شهری، 32، 57-80.
قاضی‌زاده، حمید؛ مختاری، حیدر؛ حسین‌زاده، سولماز (1397). آموزش و ترویج مهارت‌های شهروندی از طریق کتابخانه‌های عمومی. علوم و فنون مدیریت اطلاعات، 4(4)، 85-100.
قریشی، فردین؛ ساعی، روح‌اله (1393). بررسی میزان مشارکت اجتماعی کارکنان و عوامل مؤثر بر آن در بین کتابخانه‌های شهر تبریز. تحقیقات اطلاع‌رسانی و کتابخانه‌های عمومی، 20(4)، 611-626.
لکی، گلوریا جی؛ گیون، لیزا ام؛ بوشمن، جان ئی (1395). نظریه انتقادی برای علوم کتابداری و اطلاع‌رسانی (فتاح محمدی، مترجم). تهران: چاپار: نهاد کتابخانه‌های عمومی کشور.
مانیان، امیر؛ رونقی، محمدحسین (1394). ارائه چارچوب جامع پیاده‌سازی بازاریابی اینترنتی با استفاده از روش فراترکیب. مدیریت بازرگانی، 7(4)، 901-920.
هابرماس، یورگن (1399). دگرگونی ساختاری حوزه عمومی: کاوشی در باب جامعه بورژوایی. (جمال محمدی، مترجم). تهران: افکار.
هولاب، رابرت (1375). یورگن هابرماس: نقد در حوزه عمومی (مجادلات فلسفی هابرماس با پوپری‌ها، گادامر، لومان، لیوتار، دریدا و دیگران). مترجم: حسین بشیریه. تهران: نشر نی.
References
Aabo, S., Audunson, R., & Varheim, A. (2010). How do public libraries function as meetting places? Library & Information Science Research, 32(1), 16-26.
Aabo, S., Audunson, R., & Andreas. V. (2010). How Do Public Libraries Function as Meeting Places? Library & Information Science Research, 32(1), 16–26.
American Library Association (ALA). (2021). What Is Community Engagement? Available at: https://www.ala.org/tools/librariestransform/libraries-transforming/ engagement
Anaeme, F. O. (2012). Reducing gender discrimination and violence against women through library and information services. Library Philosophy and Practice.
Andersen, J., & Skouvig, L. (2006). Knowledge organization: a sociohistorical analysis and critique, Library Quarterly, 76(3), 300-322.
Anderson, B. L. (1994). The Library as Community Center. Library Trends, 42(3), 395-403.
Audunson, R. (2005). The public library as a meeting-place in a multicultural and digital context: the necessity of low-intensive meeting-places. Journal of Documentation, 61(3), 429-441.
Audunson, R. (2005b). The Public Library as a Meeting-place in a Multicultural and Digital Context: The Necessity ofLow-intensive Meeting-places. Journal of Documentation, 61(3), 429–441.
Audunson, R. A., Aabo, S., Blomgren, R., Hobohm, H. C., Jochumsen, H., Khosrowjerdi, M., & Varheim, A. V. (2019). Public libraries as public sphere institutions: A comparative study of perceptions of the public library’s role in six European countries. Journal of Documentation, 75(6), 1396-1415.
Audunson, R., Andresen, H., Fagerlid, C., Henningsen, E., Hobohm, H. C., Jochumsen, H., & Larsen, H. (2020). Physical places and virtual spaces. Libraries, archives and museums in a digital age. In R. Audunson, H. Andresen, C. Fagerlid, E. Henningsen, H. C., Hobohm, H. Jochum-sen, H. Larsen, & T. Vold (Eds.), Libraries, Archives and Museums as Democratic Spaces in a Digital Age. De Gruyter Saur, Munich.
Audunson, R., Aabo, S., Andersen, J., Evjen, S., Jochumsen, H., Koizumi, M., Rasmussen, C. H., & Widdersheim, M. M. (2017). Libraries as an Infrastructure for a Sustainable Public Sphere in a Digital Age, iConference Proceedings, 12, 928–931.
Barrows, P. K. (2014). Serving the needs of homeless library patrons: Legal issues, ethical concerns, and practical approaches. SLIS Student Research Journal, 4(2), 1-16.
Bazargan, A. (2009). An introduction to qualitative and mixed research methods: common approaches in the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Tehran: Didar. (in Persian)
Birdi, B., Wilson, K., & Cocker, J. (2008). The public library, exclusion and empathy: A literature review. Library Review 57(8), 576–592.
Black, A., & Muddiman, D. (1997). Understanding Community Librarianship: The Public Library in Post-modern Britain. Aldershot: Avebury.
Bolt, N. (2015). It takes a village–how public libraries collaborate with community agencies to serve the homeless in the United States. IFLA World Library and Information Congress 2015 81st IFLA General Conference and Assembly.
Buschman, J. E. (2003). Dismantling the Public Sphere: Situating and Sustaining Librarianship in the Age of the New Public Philosophy, Libraries Unlimited, Westport, CT.
Buschman, J. E. (2004). Staying public: The real crisis in librarianship. American Libraries, 35(7), 40-42.
Buschman, J. E. (2005a). Libraries and the decline of public purposes. Public Library Quarterly, 24(1), 1-12.
Buschman, J. E. (2005b). On libraries and the public sphere. Library Philosophy & Practice, 7(2), 1-8.
Chu, M. M. (2013). 13 Signs The Condition of Our National Library Is A Reflection Of Malaysia's Governance.
Creswell, J. W. (2005). Educational Research: Planning Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research, 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Merrill Prentice-Hall.
Evjen, S. (2015). The Image of an Institution: Politicians and the Urban Library Project. Library & Information ScienceResearch, 37(1), 28–35.
Farastkhah, M. (2015). Qualitative research method in social sciences with emphasis on grounded theory (GMT ground theory). Tehran: Agah. (in Persian)
Farozanghar, H., Behzadfar, M., Habib, F., & Firozabadi, A. (2012). Genealogy of the qualitative norms of designing urban spaces with an emphasis on their appearance in public arenas. Urban Management, 32, 57-80. (in Persian)
Fazeli, N. (2018). Rethinking the special work of the public library based on the policies of making people read and write. Retrieved from: http://nppl.ir/wp-content/uploads/session4tehran.pdf. (in Persian)
Featherstone, R. M., Lyon, B. J., & Ruffin, A. B. (2008). Library roles in disaster response: an oral history project by the National Library of Medicine. Journal of the Medical Library Association: JMLA, 96(4), 343–350.
Ghazizadeh, H., Mokhtari, H., & Hosseinzadeh, S. (2017). Teaching and promoting citizenship skills through public libraries. Information Management Science and Technology, 4(4), 85-100. (in Persian)
Ghoreishi, F., & Saei, R. (2013). Investigating the amount of social participation of employees and factors affecting it among the libraries of Tabriz city. Information Research and Public Libraries, 20(4), 611-626. (in Persian)
Golten, E. (2019). Public Libraries as Place and Space – New Services, New Visibility.
Goulding, A. (2009). Engaging with community engagement: Public libraries and citizen involvement. New Library World. 110(1/2), 37-51.
Greenhalgh, L., Landry, C., & Worpole, K. (1993). Borrowed time? The future of public libraries in the UK. Gloucestershire, UK: Comedia.
Habermas, J. (1962). Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit: Untersuchungenzueiner Kategorie derbürgerlichen Gesellschaft. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp.
Habermas, J. (1989). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Habermas, J. (2019). Structural transformation of the public sphere: an exploration of bourgeois society. (Jamal Mohammadi, translator). Tehran: Afkar. (in Persian)
Hart, G. (2007). Social capital: A fresh vision for public librar­ies in South Africa? South African Journal of Libraries and Information Science, 73(1), 14–24.
Hillenbrand, C. (2005) Public libraries as developers of social capital. Australasian Public Libraries and Information Service, 18(1), 4–12.
Hines, S. S. (2015). Connecting individuals with social services: The library’s role. Retrieved May 1, 2017 from http://www.ifla.org/files2016/12/28
Holab, R. (1996). Jürgen Habermas: Criticism in the Public Sphere (Habermas' Philosophical Controversies with Popperians, Gadamer, Lehmann, Lyotard, Derrida and others). Translator: Hossein Bashiriyeh. Tehran: Ney Publishing. (in Persian)
Holt, G. E., & Holt, L. E. (2015). Library card campaigns and sustaining service: How do public libraries best serve poor children? Public Library Quarterly, 34(3), 270-278.
Hunter, B., Neiger, B., & West, J. (2011). The importance of addressing social determinates of health at the local level: The case for social capital. Health and Social Care in the Community, 19(5), 522.530.
IFLA guidelines: public library service (2019). Translated by Fatemeh Pazuki, Maryam Hassanzadeh and Sakineh Qasimpour. Tehran: Chapar, Persian mythology. (in Persian)
Ingraham, C. (2015). Libraries and Their Publics: Rhetorics of the Public Library.Rhetoric Review, 34(2), 147–163.
Jochumsen, H., Rasmussen, C. H., & Skot-Hansen. D. (2012). The Four Spaces – A New Model for the Public Library. New Library World, 113(11/12), 586–597.
Johnston, J. (2016). The use of conversation-based programming in public libraries to support integration in increasingly multiethnic societies. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 50(2), 130–140.
Johnston, J. (2017). Friendship potential: Conversation-based programming and immigrant integration. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 51(3), 670-688.
Jones, M., Kimberlee, R., Deave, T., & Evans, S. (2013). The role of community centre-based arts, leisure and social activities in promoting adult well-being and health lifestyles. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(5), 1948-1962.
Kann-Christensen, N., Porsn, N. O. (2004). The Legitimacy of Public Libraries: Cross-pressures and Change Processes. New Library World, 105(9/10), 330–336.
Kelley, A., Riggleman, K., Clara, I., & Navarro, A. E. (2017). Determining the need for social work practice in a public library. Journal of Community Practice, 25(1), 112-125.
Khaki, G. (2012). Research method with a grounded approach in thesis writing. Tehran: Fujan. (in Persian)
Koizumi, M., & Larsen, H. (2019). Public libraries and democracy in the Nordic model. In Gašo, G., Ranogajec, M. G., Žilić, J., &Lundman, M. (Eds) Information and technology transforming lives: connection, interaction, innovation. Proceedings of the XXVII Bobcatsss Symposium, pp. 452-457, Osijek, Croatia, BOBCATSSS.
Kranich, N. (2004). Libraries: the information commons of civil society, in Schuler, D. and Day, P. (Eds), Shaping the Network Society: The New Role of Civil Society in Cyberspace, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 279-299.
Kranich, N. (2005). Libraries & Democracy: The Cornerstones of Library. Chicago, IL: American Library Association.
Lackey, G. J., Given, L. M., Bushman, J. E. (2016). Critical theory for library and information sciences (Fattah Mohammadi, translator). Tehran: Chapar: Institute of Public Libraries of the country. (in Persian)
Larsen, H. (2018). Archives, libraries and museums in the Nordic model of the public sphere, Journal of Documentation, 74(1), 187-194.
Larsen, H. (2020). Theorizing Public Libraries as Public Spheres in Library and Information Science. In: Sundqvist A., Berget G., Nolin J., Skjerdingstad K. (eds) Sustainable Digital Communities. iConference 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 12051. Springer, Cham. Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel psychology, 28(4), 563-575.
Leckie, G. J. & Buschman, J. E. (2007). Space, place, and libraries: an introduction, in Buschman, J. E. and Leckie, G.J. (Eds), The Library as Place: History, Community, and Culture, Libraries Unlimited, Westport, CT, pp. 3-25.
Leckie, G. J., & Hopkins, J. (2002), The public place of central libraries: findings from Toronto and Vancouver. Library Quarterly, 72(3), 326-372.
Manian, A., & Ronaghi, M. H. (2014). Presenting a comprehensive framework for the implementation of Internet marketing using the meta-combination method. Business Management, 7(4), 901-920. (in Persian)
McCabe, R. B. (2001). Civic Librarianship: Renewing the Social Missions of the Public Library. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
McCook, K. d. l. P. (2004). Introduction to Public Librarianship, Neal-Schuman, New York, NY.
Morrison, H. (2010). The role of the research library in an emerging global public sphere, LIBER Annual Conference, Aarhus University, Denmark, June 29.
Muddiman, D., Durrani, S., Pateman, J., Dutch, M., Linley, R., & Vincent, J. (2001). Open to All? The public library and social exclusion: executive summary. New Library World, 102 (4/5), 154-158.
Muggleton, T. H. (2013). Public libraries and difficulties with targeting the homeless. Library Review, 62(1/2), 7-18.
Ndinde, S., & Kadodo, W. (2014). The Role of Community-Based Information Centers in Development: Lessons for Rural Zimbabwe. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 2(1) 44-53.
Newman, J. (2007). Re-mapping the public. Cultural Studies, 21(6), 887-909.
Oldenburg, R. (1989). The Great Good Place: Cafés, Coffee Shops, Bookstores, Bars, Hair Salons, and Other Hangouts at the Heart of a Community. Paragon House, New York.
Oyeronke, A. (2012). Information as an economic resource: The role of public libraries in Nigeria. Chinese Librarianship: An International Electronic Journal, 34, 66-75. Retrieved July 2, 2017 from http://www.iclc.us/cliej/cl34oyeronke.pdf
Pateman, J., & Vincent, J. (2010). Public Libraries and Social Justice. Farnham: Ashgate.
Poladi, K., Bostani, M. (2016). Examining the constituent elements of the public sphere in Habermas's thought, Political Science Quarterly, 13(38), 20-42. (in Persian)
Renton, A., Phillips, G., Daykin, N., Yu, G., Taylor, K., & Petticrew, M. (2012). Think of your art-eries: Arts participation, behavioural cardiovascular risk factors and mental well-beingin deprived communities in London. Public Health, 126(1), S57-S64.
Richards, P. S., Wiegand, W. A., & Dalbello, M. (2015). A history of modern librarianship: Constructing the heritage of western cultures. Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries Unlimit
Rothbauer, P. (2007). Locating the library as place among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer patrons, in Buschman, J.vE. and Leckie, G.J. (Eds), The Library as Place: History, Community, and Culture, Libraries Unlimited, Westport, CT, pp. 101-115.
Schuhböck, H. P. (1983). Die gesellschaftlicheFunktion von Bibliotheken in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: ZurneuerenDiskussionnach 1945 [The societal function of libraries in theFederal Republic of Germany: The recent discussion since 1945]. Bibliothek: Forschung und Praxis, 7(3), 203-222.
Scott, R. (2011). The role of public libraries in community building. Public Library Quarterly, 30(3), 191-227.
Smith, K., & Usherwood, B. (2003). Public Library Politics: An International Perspective. Australasian Public Libraries and Information Services, 16(2), 76–80
Stilwell, C. (2006). Boundless opportunities? Towards an assessment of the usefulness of the concept of social exclu­sion for the South African public library situation. Innovation 32,1-28.
Sturges, P. (2015). Limits to freedom of expression? The problem of blasphemy. IFLA Journal, 41(2), 112–119.
Thauer, W., &Vodosek, P. (1978). Geschichte der ÖffentlichenBücherei in Deutschland [History of the public library in Germany]. Wiesbaden, West Germany: OttoHarrassowitz.
Vakkari, P., Aabo, S., Audunson, R., Huysmans, F., & Oomes, M. (2014). Perceived outcomes of public libraries in Finland, Norway and the Netherlands. Journal of Documentation, 70(5), 927-944.
Varheim, A. (2011). Gracious space: Library programming strategies towards immigrants as tools in the creation of social capital. Library & Information Science Research, 33(1), 12-18.
Vincent, J. (2009) Inclusion: Training to tackle social exclusion. In: Brine A (ed.) Handbook of Library Training Practice and Development. Farnham: Ashgate, pp. 123–146.
Webster, F. (1995). Theories of the information society. New York, NY: Routledge.
Widdersheim, M. M., & Koizumi, M. (2017). A communication system approach to the problem of public library legitimacy, Library & Information Science Research, 39(1), 23–33.
Widdersheim, M. M. (2015). Governance, Legitimation, Commons: A Public Sphere Framework and Research Agenda for the Public Library Sector. Libri, 65(4), 237–245.
Widdersheim, M. M., Koizumi, M. (2016). Conceptual modelling of the public sphere in public libraries, Journal of Documentation, 72(3), 591 – 610.
Widdersheim, M. M., Koizumi, M., & Larsen, H. (2020). Cultural policy, the public sphere, and public libraries: a comparison of Norwegian, American, and Japanese models. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 27(3), 358–376. 
Williamson, M. J. (2000). Social exclusion and the public library: A Habermasian insight, Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 32(4), 178-186.
Willingham, T. L. (2008). Libraries as civic agents. Public Library Quarterly. 27(2), 97–110.
Wojciechowska, M. D. (2021). The role of public libraries in the development of social capital in local communities – a theoretical study. Library Management, 42(3), 184-196.
Zach, L. (2011). What Do I Do in an Emergency? The Role of Public Libraries in Providing Information during Times of Crisis. Science & Technology Libraries, 30(4), 404-413.
Zurinski, S., Osborne, V., Anthoine-Ney, M., & McKenney, J. (2013). Libraries in the Community: Changing Opportunities. Maine Policy Review, 22(1), 71-79.
 

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار