https://lis.aqr-libjournal.ir/ Library and Information Sciences en daily 1 Fri, 20 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Fri, 20 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://lis.aqr-libjournal.ir/article_237576.html Objective: This research identifies and analyzes ethical challenges such as transparency, accountability, and originality in using AI for scientific writing. It investigates the root cause: the gap between advancing technology and existing ethical frameworks. To address this, the study proposes a practical framework for transparent AI citation and develops a guide to empower researchers and publishers in responsibly using AI.Methodology: The present study is an applied research project in terms of its purpose and was conducted using a synonym analysis approach. The statistical population comprises 45 documents from journals indexed in a reputable scientific database, published between 2000 and 2024. To extract keywords from documents and cluster data after preparation and necessary preprocessing, "VOSviewer" text mining software was used, and the technique and method of word co-occurrence analysis were used to analyze the data.Findings: The findings indicate that 2851 words or concepts were extracted with different frequencies from the documents under study. Among them, the concepts of "ChatGPT, author, article, tools, manuscript, content, plagiarism, researcher, artificial intelligence tool, research, guide, policy, referee, text, scientific writing" have the highest frequency, ranging from 240 to 50 cases. Additionally, the clustering of concepts related to challenges and conflicts of using artificial intelligence is divided into nine independent clusters with the least similarity and two semi-independent clusters. These clusters include: Ethics and scientific integrity in the age of artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence as an assistant in the process of scientific writing and research, accountability and transparency frameworks in human-AI collaboration for research, systematic response of publishers and scientific databases to artificial intelligence: from policy statements to implementation, redefining authorship and originality in the age of human-AI collaboration, application of artificial intelligence in writing, evaluating and publishing scientific articles, policy-making and ethical use of artificial intelligence in higher education.Conclusion: Based on the findings presented in this research, the integration of Artificial Intelligence into scientific writing is deemed acceptable and potentially beneficial, but only under a strict framework of ethical standards designed to safeguard academic integrity. The core principle is that AI must serve strictly as a supplementary tool to support, not replace, human intellectual effort and authorship. Consequently, attributing formal authorship or co-authorship to an AI system is explicitly prohibited due to its lack of legal responsibility and authentic creative agency. However, the use of AI in developing a work deserves transparent recognition. Authors are obligated to disclose the nature and extent of AI assistance, enabling readers to properly evaluate the manuscript. To ensure responsibility, mandatory human oversight is non-negotiable. Authors must substantially rewrite, critically verify, and take full intellectual ownership of all AI-generated content to correct potential inaccuracies, biases, and to avoid plagiarism. The ethical use of AI therefore hinges on transparency, rigorous verification, and the substantive human contribution that defines true authorship. To institutionalize these principles, the study calls for proactive policy development by educational institutions, research bodies, and publishers. Effective policies must establish clear guidelines on AI's supplementary role, mandate disclosure processes, and implement mechanisms to assess the reliability and validity of AI tools themselves. Crucially, these policies must be dynamic, subject to continuous review and updating to keep pace with rapid advancements in AI capabilities and their evolving applications in science. Ultimately, this research provides a practical guide for researchers, students, and publishers, outlining how to harness AI's potential while rigorously upholding the foundational values of accuracy, originality, and accountability in scientific research. https://lis.aqr-libjournal.ir/article_233295.html Objective: Marketing is a regular and conscious process that is always thinking about the market and planning for it. This process starts with market research to find the driving forces. In this process, the marketer conducts research to understand the hidden interests and unmet needs of people. Paying attention to adaptation, adjustment, implementation and optimization of services, facilities, and organizational resources - in a way that leads to customer satisfaction - is the basic slogan in modern marketing. Marketing - its systematic application and practice - is the driving force and focus of attention in any successful organization, both for-profit and non-profit. Today, rapid environmental changes force organizations to actively turn to marketing in order to survive in the market. In such markets, in addition to commercial and for-profit companies, non-profit institutions such as universities, hospitals, museums, libraries, etc. must also understand and apply marketing concepts. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between content marketing and audience attraction in digital libraries.Methodology: The research method is applied and survey. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The statistical population of the study includes all members of Astan Quds Razavi Digital Library, which was equal to 45,000 people and the sample size according to Krejcie and Morgan's table was equal to 380 people. Using simple random sampling method, 380 questionnaires were distributed among members.Findings: Descriptive findings showed that the average of total content marketing was 3.93 percent and the average of total audience attraction was 3.85 percent. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that the data had normal distribution. Findings also showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between coordination with previous content, content with customer needs, appropriate volume of content, fit of content format and audience attraction in digital libraries (p˂0.01) and between content marketing and customer loyalty. There is a positive and significant relationship between the decision to request and order in digital libraries (p˂0.01). The results of regression analysis showed that 94.4 percent of the variance related to audience attraction in digital libraries is explained by the variables of appropriate content volume, content format fit, and customer satisfaction with content (R2 = 0.944).Conclusion: Due to the role of content and information resources in digital libraries, it is necessary for digital library administrators to use content marketing to attract end-users.  https://lis.aqr-libjournal.ir/article_235651.html Objective: The present study focuses on analyzing and revisiting Wilson’s models of information-seeking behavior from psychological and cognitive perspectives. Despite the significance of Wilson’s models in explaining information-seeking behavior, previous investigations reveal that cognitive and psychological components have been addressed in a dispersed and unsystematic manner. Accordingly, this study seeks to elucidate the role and position of psychological and cognitive components -in light of theories from these fields- within the structure of Wilson's models.Methodology: The research is applied in purpose and qualitative in terms of approach and is a conceptual article. In order to collect data, a library method was used by referring to scientific sources and articles related to Wilson's information-seeking behavior models and theories in the fields of psychology and cognition from the Google Scholar, Elmnet, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases. The sampling method of the sources available in the databases was purposeful and included Wilson's classic works (1981–2017) as well as complementary research by other authors. To ensure content validity, the selected sources were drawn from scientific works published in reputable peer-reviewed journals. Furthermore, to maintain internal validity, the analyses were conducted through multi-stage reviews by the authors to preserve logical coherence between Wilson's models and the cognitive and psychological components. Additionally, the data analysis method was analytical-interpretive.Findings: From its initial formulation in 1981 to subsequent revisions, Wilson's models have evolved into more dynamic and comprehensive models that are capable of analyzing different layers of information behavior by utilizing interdisciplinary approaches and integrating psychological and cognitive theories. The findings indicate that Wilson’s intervening variables can be categorized into two main dimensions: individual and environmental factors. Components such as motivation, self-efficacy, stress–coping mechanisms, risk perception, and cognitive load play a decisive role in the processes of information seeking, evaluation, and use. The results also demonstrate that information-seeking behavior is dynamic and iterative in nature. A review of related theories showed that Bandura's Social Cognition Theory, Activity Theory, Stress-Coping Theory, Risk-Reward Theory, Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory, Dervin's Sense-Making Theory, and Ellis and Kolthau's theories have the ability to be analyzed and adapted to Wilson's information seeking models. The interaction between the individual, the environment, and behavior exerts a reciprocal influence on the information-seeking process, consistent with Bandura’s social cognitive theory.Conclusion: By distinguishing between the need recognition stage and the search stage, Wilson has created the way for examining psychological interventions (risk perception, personal control, or outcome anticipation). In this approach, information seeking is not just an external behavior, but a manifestation of internal cognition such as perception, memory, problem solving, and judgment. Integrating cognitive and psychological theories with Wilson’s model can provide a more comprehensive framework for understanding users’ mental and emotional mechanisms in responding to information needs. Such integration enhances the theoretical explanatory power of information behavior models in today’s complex and technology-driven contexts. The present study demonstrated that revisiting Wilson's models from this perspective not only aids in understanding the mental and emotional mechanisms of users but also opens a new path for theoretical research in Knowledge and Information Science (KIS). https://lis.aqr-libjournal.ir/article_235876.html Objective: Second-hand books refer to works that have been previously used by one or more individuals. These books hold a special significance in the book market due to their lower prices and the ability to access rare or out-of-print editions. Furthermore, second-hand books are recognized as a part of the sustainable consumption culture, which can help preserve natural resources and reduce excessive consumption. The aim of this study is to identify the role and significance of second-hand books in society and to analyze their cultural and environmental impacts, considering that the use of these books can also facilitate social interactions and universal access to reading resources.Methodology: This study is applied in nature and adopts a qualitative approach. The needed data were collected through semi-structured interviews with two groups: environmental experts and professionals active in publishing and bookstores. Participants were selected using purposive sampling based on their relevant experience and knowledge. Data analysis was conducted using MAXQDA software and the thematic analysis method, with coding steps including open coding, extraction, and review of main and sub-themes. The findings were also visualized as conceptual maps using Visio 2020. The credibility and trustworthiness of the data were ensured through participant review, constant comparison, and verification by other researchers.Findings: The findings indicate that the use of second-hand books has tangible environmental and cultural impacts. In the environmental dimension, reductions in natural resource consumption and paper production, improvements in recycling and reuse, and the complementary role of electronic books were highlighted. In the cultural dimension, the use of second-hand books facilitates cultural infrastructure, strengthens mutual trust in the exchange cycle, and emphasizes the importance of copyright. These results, derived from qualitative data analysis and the extraction of main and sub-themes, suggest that second-hand books, in addition to economic savings, can serve as a catalyst for cultural and environmental development.Conclusion: The research results indicate that second-hand books play an important role in preserving and transmitting cultural heritage. They are regarded as valuable resources for accessing knowledge and classic works and can effectively reduce educational and cultural costs. Additionally, the use of second-hand books contributes to reducing paper production and natural resource consumption, which has positive environmental impacts. Moreover, by promoting the culture of sustainable consumption and reuse, these books can serve as effective tools in advancing green information literacy and raising awareness about the importance of conserving natural resources.  https://lis.aqr-libjournal.ir/article_236405.html Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the components and design a Paradigmatic model for providing health information services in public libraries in Iran, in order to clarify the role of libraries in promoting health literacy and access to reliable information resources. Methodology: This applied study employed a qualitative approach based on grounded theory. The study population consisted of faculty members in the field of Information Science, health specialists (including faculty members of medical universities in the country active in health information services), and senior managers of the Public Libraries Organization, all with at least three years of relevant teaching, research, or executive experience. Purposive sampling was used, and interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached. In total, 19 participants were involved. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using three coding stages: open, axial, and selective. The validity and reliability of the data were ensured through credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. Concepts and findings were finally confirmed through participant review and feedback from academic advisors and consultants.Findings: Based on the results, the components of the proposed model for providing health information services in Iranian public libraries were identified across five dimensions: causal conditions, intervening conditions, contextual conditions, strategies, and outcomes. The model comprises 22 selective codes and 65 open codes, with its core phenomenon being the design and implementation of purposeful and sustainable health information services. Findings from the final stage of selective coding indicated that causal conditions include management and policymaking, human and financial resources, information resources, and cultural considerations; intervening conditions encompass legal, financial, human, cultural, and technological challenges; contextual conditions involve service processes and nature, coverage areas, personnel and resources, and necessary infrastructure and technologies. Strategies include macro-level policymaking, education and research, multi-stakeholder collaboration, and utilization of international experiences. Outcomes include increased efficiency, enhanced social participation, reduced inequalities, and improved creativity and knowledge of human resources.Conclusion: The results showed that the effective delivery of health information services in public libraries in Iran depends on a combination of causal, contextual, and intervening conditions, as well as the implementation of comprehensive strategies. Causal conditions include management, policymaking, human and financial resources, information resources, and cultural considerations, while intervening conditions encompass financial, human, professional, and cultural challenges. Contextual conditions cover the nature of services, covered health information domains, human resources and materials, and necessary infrastructure and technologies. Implementing strategies such as policy development, staff training and empowerment, service expansion, interorganizational collaboration, and localization of services leads to organizational, individual, social, and cultural outcomes, including increased library productivity and service quality, enhanced staff knowledge and creativity, strengthened social participation, improved health literacy and community well-being, and reduced social inequalities. Overall, this model demonstrates that simultaneous attention to these factors and strategies can strengthen the role of public libraries in promoting community health, empower society, and provide practical guidance for managers and policymakers.  https://lis.aqr-libjournal.ir/article_236462.html Objective: In rural areas, geographical and infrastructural limitations restrict their access to information resources. Public libraries, as accessible community institutions, can play a vital role in meeting these needs. This study aimed to explore librarians’ perspectives on the information needs of pregnant women, the strategies for meeting them, and the barriers involved.Methodology: This study is applied in terms of its purpose and qualitative in terms of its approach. In terms of its nature and implementation, it employs a case study method. The research was conducted in the cities of Birjand and Darmian in South Khorasan Province. The study population consisted of librarians and administrators of public libraries in these two cities, from whom a total of 15 participants were selected. Purposive sampling was used based on the participants’ knowledge, experience, and relevance to the research topic. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The collected data were analyzed using a three-stage coding process, including open, axial, and selective coding. To ensure the validity of the findings, member checking was employed, and inter-coder agreement was used to establish reliability. Finally, data analysis was carried out using MAXQDA software.Findings: The results revealed that the information needs of pregnant women fall into three major categories: intrinsic needs (access to diverse resources and educational programs), conscious needs (improvement of skills, household management, and parenting), and formalized needs (knowledge of pregnancy care, childbirth, and health issues). According to librarians, women fulfill these needs through continuous searching, visiting libraries or health centers, using databases, and engaging with health and social networks. However, several obstacles hinder this process, including limited information literacy, personal and family restrictions, financial and welfare difficulties, lack of resources, and inadequate ICT infrastructure.Conclusion: This study reveals that public libraries in Birjand and Darmian possess substantial potential to meet the information needs of pregnant women, yet their actual contributions remain limited due to structural, cultural, and technological barriers. Women’s information needs are complex and multidimensional, spanning general, skill-based, and medical domains. While women actively seek to fulfill these needs through libraries, health centers, and social networks, systemic barriers hinder effective access. To address these challenges, libraries must be reimagined as socio-health institutions rather than solely cultural centers. This transformation requires several interrelated strategies: integrating library and health services through close collaboration with healthcare organizations to design joint maternal and child health programs; developing systematic health literacy initiatives that enhance pregnant women’s knowledge and self-care capacities; expanding and updating health-related resources in both print and digital formats; strengthening online services to help overcome geographical and cultural barriers; and ensuring sustained financial and institutional policy support to guarantee continuity and impact of such initiatives. From a broader perspective, this research contributes to the literature on the intersection of information science, public health, and women’s studies by providing practical insights for policymakers, librarians, and healthcare professionals aiming to enhance maternal health outcomes. It also highlights directions for future inquiry, including comparative studies in other regions, longitudinal evaluations of library-based interventions, and further exploration of digital platforms for health information dissemination. Ultimately, public libraries, by expanding their mission to include health and social empowerment, can play a transformative role in reducing inequalities, promoting informed decision-making, and supporting the well-being of women, families, and communities. https://lis.aqr-libjournal.ir/article_229151.html Objective: Given the importance of knowledge in the health system and since the flow of knowledge in the provision of health care services, as a knowledge-based process, creates a platform for improving process performance with the aim of creating value from the organization's intangible assets. This research aimed to design a model for implementing telemedicine in the context of knowledge logistics.Methododology: This applied research employed a qualitative approach using grounded theory and the Strauss and Corbin paradigm model. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 15 health experts and specialists selected via purposive and snowball sampling techniques. The data collection process continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. As data analysis progressed and categories formed, theoretical sampling was also conducted to select subsequent samples based on the need to enrich the identified concepts and relationships. Data analysis followed a systematic approach in three stages: open, axial, and selective coding. MAXQDA software (version 20) was used for data analysis, and the final model was developed within the paradigm model framework.Findings: The results of the interviews were coded in three stages, including open, selective, and axial coding. The result was the extraction of 800 initial codes and the formation of 18 general concepts, including service delivery (its axes and types), knowledge (its types and characteristics), requirements, challenges, benefits, goals, the location of medical knowledge, the mechanism for receiving knowledge, the knowledge transfer cycle (in the stages: application and creation, dissemination and value creation, audit and organization, and recognition and acquisition), capacity building, delivery, value creation, knowledge translation, and finally, the implementation process.The final research model revealed that the core element in telemedicine is establishing a knowledge flow, which includes three categories: knowledge acquisition, transfer, and delivery. The goals and requirements of telemedicine were identified as causal factors, while knowledge translation and telemedicine implementation were recognized as the paradigm model's strategies. Knowledge location, service delivery axes, and tiers were determined as the model's context, alongside challenges, knowledge type, and knowledge characteristics as intervening and contextual conditions affecting strategy implementation. The model's output was value creation and benefits derived from knowledge management in telemedicine.Conclusion: The findings showed that knowledge logistics can help make the telemedicine process more knowledge-based. This knowledge-based approach increases the reliability of decisions and recommendations. Hence, the role of health policy makers, hospital managers, and other stakeholders in improving telemedicine processes and making them knowledge-based becomes very evident. Policy makers can provide legal frameworks and technical standards for telemedicine services by developing national and regional policies and guidelines, and provide the necessary resources for the development of information and communication technology infrastructure. https://lis.aqr-libjournal.ir/article_235152.html Objective. The study aims to identify the features as well as the strengths and weaknesses of works that have produced semantic or thematic classifications of Hafez’s poetry. Methodology. By examining the full text of fourteen printed works and five computer- and AI-generated classifications, the study evaluates the methods used to extract themes, categorize verses, and provide access pathways to the verses and topics. Findings: Among the printed sources, only three works have classified all the verses. Naturally, the five computer sources faced no limitations in covering the entire corpus of verses, and their access pathways are fully available. However, in printed sources, due to the large amounts of data and space limitations, only three works included all the verses. A major shortcoming of most printed works is the lack of indexes, which reduces the quality of user access. Another weakness—seen in all five computer-generated works and in most printed ones—is the compilers’ reliance solely on the explicit meanings of the verses and their neglect of the implicit or hidden meanings. A third shortcoming is that the compilers have categorized the verses based on personal taste and prior assumptions, drawing little on the diverse—and sometimes conflicting—perspectives of Hafez scholars. Incorporating such perspectives could have strengthened the credibility of their classifications. Forming thematic categories in the five modern studies on Hafez’s poetry—based on the vocabulary present in the verses—is highly debatable. Moreover, the fact that at least four of the studies with modern approaches rely solely on Hafez, Hooman (1979) raises the suspicion that their researchers were unaware of other thematic classifications of Hafez’s poetry. Conclusion: The role of both human and software-based factors (especially Artificial Intelligence) is significant in accomplishing the task of classifying poetry. However, the importance of each factor may shift at different stages. Undoubtedly, limitations in selecting verses—given current technological capabilities—are no longer relevant, and covering all verses has become simple. Regarding the assignment of meaning to verses, it appears that human thought and reasoning still outweigh software programs and even artificial intelligence, at least for now. Using authoritative commentaries that consider both levels of meaning (literal and implicit) offers an optimal solution, as combining the views of various interpreters provides audiences with diverse needs access to multiple perspectives on Hafez's ideas. Documentation and labeling of concepts, as well as forming thematic categories through the collaboration of human expertise and artificial intelligence, yield higher-quality results. Certainly, determining categories and their subcategories requires ongoing interaction between Hafez scholars and information science specialists. The extraction and classification of concepts and the construction of corpora—using the latest technological achievements—highlight the crucial importance of software and AI specialists in ensuring precision throughout the process. Drawing on the experience of existing classifications, one may hope that the way for creating of an ontology of Hafez’s poetry has grown shorter. https://lis.aqr-libjournal.ir/article_236407.html Objective: The purpose of this study was to design a comprehensive and applicable model for managing the indigenous knowledge of the Qashqai tribe. This model seeks to preserve, systematize, and facilitate the intergenerational transfer of the cultural, social, economic, and ecological heritage embedded in the tribe’s long-standing traditions. Given the increasing risk of knowledge loss due to modernization, urban migration, and demographic changes, the development of such a model is essential for safeguarding the intellectual and cultural assets of this significant Iranian nomadic tribe. The study aimed not only to document key domains of indigenous knowledge but also to provide a structured framework that supports sustainable development, cultural continuity, and informed decision-making at local and regional levels. Methods: This research employed a qualitative–quantitative (mixed-method) approach, with the qualitative phase forming the core of the study. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with experienced elders and knowledgeable individuals, field observations during tribal activities, narrative writing, and review of historical and ethnographic documents. The qualitative data were analyzed using the thematic analysis method supported by MAXQDA software, which enabled systematic coding and extraction of key concepts. In the quantitative phase, SPSS26 software was used to analyze the data through a single-sample T-test with an assumed value of 3, allowing the validation of identified components and processes from the perspective of experts in knowledge management and indigenous studies. Results: Findings from the analysis revealed eleven main domains that constitute the core of Qashqai indigenous knowledge: agriculture and animal husbandry, traditional foods, traditional medicine, handicrafts, language and literature, music and dance, beliefs and religion, traditional clothing, traditional games and sports, migration patterns, and housing forms. Additionally, the study identified seven essential processes for effective indigenous knowledge management in the Qashqai context: identifying knowledge, recognizing and categorizing knowledge, acquiring knowledge, organizing and documenting knowledge, creating and enriching knowledge, disseminating knowledge, and generating value from knowledge through cultural, social, and economic applications. These processes form the backbone of the proposed model. Conclusion: The final model provides a holistic and operational framework that encompasses all stages—from the discovery of indigenous knowledge to its practical application. This model can serve as a basis for establishing digital repositories, cultural knowledge centers, community training programs, or policymaking initiatives dedicated to preserving Qashqai heritage. The study underscores that systematic management of indigenous knowledge not only protects cultural identity but also strengthens social cohesion, supports sustainable livelihoods, and contributes meaningfully to community empowerment and long-term cultural resilience. https://lis.aqr-libjournal.ir/article_237579.html Objective: Social networks are a consequential and debatable topic in societies, and it is important to study these new platforms. Furthermore, addressing how the use of cyberspace affects thinking and learning is of particular importance. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the relationship between the thinking styles of students at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, based on the Six Thinking Hats technique, and the various dimensions of their interaction with social networks Method: This was an applied, survey-based study. The statistical population included all undergraduate, master's, and doctoral students enrolled in the second semester of the 2024-2025 academic year (1403-1404 SH). The sample size was determined to be 376 individuals using Cochran's formula and was selected through stratified random sampling. The data collection tools were the Six Thinking Hats questionnaire and a researcher-developed social network interaction questionnaire (dimensions: usage level, dependence, trust, and attitude). The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by experts, and their reliability was approved using Cronbach's alpha. The data were analyzed using SPSS software and appropriate statistical tests Findings: The data analysis revealed that students' usage level, trust, and dependence on social networks were below the midpoint, and their attitude towards this space was at a moderate and balanced level. Additionally, in the examination of thinking styles, it was found that the mean score for all hats was above the midpoint, with the highest ranks belonging to the Yellow| (Benefits), Red (Emotions), and White (Facts) hats, and the lowest rank to the Blue (Processes) hat. The results of the regression analysis also showed that in the dimension of social network usage, the White, Green (Creativity), and Black (Cautions) hats had a negative relationship, while the Blue (Processes) hat was a positive predictor. In contrast, the Yellow| (Benefits), Red (Emotions), hats did not play a significant role. In the dimension of dependence, the White (Facts) and Black (Cautions) hats had an inhibitory effect, while the Blue (Processes) hat showed a positive relationship; the Yellow ((Benefits), Green (Creativity), and Red (Emotions) hats had no significant effect in this regard. For the dimension of trust, the White (Facts) hat had a negative relationship and the Red (Emotions) and Blue (Processes) hats had a positive relationship, but the Yellow (Benefits), Green (Creative), and Black (Processes) hats showed no effect. In the dimension of positive attitude, only the Blue (Processes) hat was able to play a significant predictive role, while the other hats lacked a significant relationship. Conclusion: Students' ways of thinking, along with their individual and cultural conditions, may play a role in shaping how they interact with social networks. Accordingly, behavior in this space may not depend on a single specific reason but rather is formed from a combination of cognitive, emotional, and cultural factors. Such an understanding can serve as a reminder that the perception of social phenomena will be more accurate when they are examined with a multidimensional view and from various angles. https://lis.aqr-libjournal.ir/article_240503.html Objective: The primary objective of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the current status of children’s and adolescent libraries throughout Iran and to explore the feasibility of developing a suitable conceptual model that could guide their improvement and management. Recognizing the vital role these libraries play in fostering literacy, cognitive development, and social engagement among young populations, this research sought to identify key components that influence their effectiveness and sustainability.Method: To achieve this, a mixed-methods research design was adopted, incorporating qualitative and quantitative approaches. Initially, the Delphi technique was employed to gain consensus among a panel of 17 experts specializing in children and adolescent library services. These experts contributed to the design and refinement of a researcher-created questionnaire, ensuring its content validity and internal consistency, as evidenced by a high Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.897. The questionnaire gathered rich qualitative data concerning various operational and developmental facets of these libraries. In the quantitative phase, a stratified random sampling method was applied to select 331 librarians from a national population of 2,365 professionals working in children and adolescent libraries. Data were collected through surveys and subsequently analyzed using a combination of descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests to summarize and assess central tendencies and patterns. Additionally, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted with IBM SPSS and AMOS software to validate the factor structure underlying the identified components and to evaluate the model's fit to the empirical data.Findings: The findings revealed that key domains such as librarian responsiveness, human resource capabilities, and physical and environmental factors collectively explained approximately 66% of the variance in assessing the libraries’ status. Environmental health and hygiene variables accounted for 67%, while factors related to cognitive development explained 68%, illustrating their substantial influence on library quality and user experience. However, CFA results indicated that human resources and environmental health and hygiene demonstrated the strongest model fit, whereas cognitive development, physical factors, and responsiveness exhibited weaker alignment with the proposed structure.Result: Further second-level factor analysis highlighted the adequacy of the economic indicator, though other indices did not achieve satisfactory fit levels. Employing advanced methods such as bootstrapping and the Bollen–Stein index, the study ultimately proposed a final conceptual model designed to serve as a theoretical framework. This framework is aimed at guiding future assessments and strategic planning for enhancing children’s and adolescent libraries in Iran, while acknowledging current limitations and areas needing further refinement. https://lis.aqr-libjournal.ir/article_244471.html Purpose: Most programs and services offered in libraries are designed for children and adults, and the needs of adolescent users are usually overlooked. The aim of the present study is to examine the programs and services provided for adolescents in public libraries, in order to determine how public libraries around the world perform in serving this group. Method: This research was conducted using a systematic review method based on Kitchenham & Charters' framework. For this purpose, relevant keywords were searched in reputable internal and external databases and related sources were retrieved. A total of 136 records (126 English sources and 10 Persian sources) were retrieved from both domestic and international searches. After an initial screening (including keywords, titles, and abstract review), 28 sources were ultimately selected and analyzed. according to the limited number of studies available in the field under investigation, no specific time restriction was applied in this research. The inclusion criteria comprised all relevant articles and theses in Persian and English, while the exclusion criteria involved removing books as well as duplicate works published in different languages and formats other than Persian and English. Findings: To systematize the data, the researchers grouped similar and overlapping items into broader components, resulting in six main categories. The findings showed that the programs and services of public libraries for teenagers include six categories: "Gaming Services in Libraries", "Book Clubs, Study Groups, Book Discussions, and Promotion of Reading to Teenagers", "Storytelling Sessions," "Health Services", "job- and career-related trainings", and "Teenagers' Participation in Library Related Activities". Conclusion: Various programs and services have been provided in public libraries for teenagers. Such programs transform the library from a place for book storage into a dynamic and lively environment with constructive interactions. These programs, in addition to demonstrating the diversity of services provided to adolescents, reflect the responsiveness of public libraries to their cognitive, emotional, social, professional, and cultural needs. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that public libraries around the world are evolving in line with the real needs of adolescents, with education, recreation, health, skill development, and social participation being addressed in an integrated manner. These findings can provide a theoretical and empirical foundation for policymakers, library managers, and researchers in the field of library and information science, and underscore the importance of designing and developing adolescent programs based on cultural context and the active participation of adolescents themselves. In domestic studies, researchers have examined library programs and services for children and adolescents together within a single category. This may indicate either that no specific activities have been designed for adolescents in Iranian libraries, or that libraries have not properly defined and developed their services for this group. Considering the lack of distinction between child and teenager groups in internal research, this study emphasizes the importance of attention to teenagers and suggests necessary actions for preparing activities and special programs for this age group. https://lis.aqr-libjournal.ir/article_244780.html Objective: The purpose of this study is to propose a method for assessing the state of information technology (IT) deployment in libraries. This is achieved by developing a sample organizational architecture model based on the TOGAF framework. By leveraging the findings of this assessment, libraries can improve alignment between IT and business processes. As a result, system effectiveness can increase while operational costs decrease. To illustrate the applicability of the proposed approach, the library of Astane Qods Razavi is selected as a case study. Methodology: This research is applied in nature and follows a case study approach. The method is implemented using TOGAF (Version 10) and the ArchiMate modeling language. First, the required data are collected through the review of library documents and related reference materials. Then, the gathered information is documented using standard TOGAF artifacts, including catalogs and matrices. Next, multiple architectural views are created using ArchiMate to support the visualization of the resulting organizational architecture implementation. Finally, the proposed model is evaluated using key performance indicators and verified according to its capability to support TOGAF’s Architecture Development Method (ADM) . Findings: After implementing the “current state” phase of organizational architecture in the selected library, the study identified and categorized the library’s main business processes. In addition, the research documented and mapped the various IT tools used by the library, along with the nature of their relationships to library services. Using ArchiMate, multiple architectural views and representations were designed to produce a precise visual depiction of the organizational architecture documentation and its links to IT-supported services and process execution. Overall, the developed artifacts clearly show how IT is utilized to support operational workflows and service delivery within the organization. Conclusion: The combined use of TOGAF and ArchiMate provides a structured and systematic toolset for analyzing, documenting, and designing information architecture in libraries. The proposed model can serve as a practical guide for other libraries and information centers that aim to establish organizational architecture. Such an approach enables a more transparent understanding of the current status of IT deployment and supports more informed decision-making for architectural improvement. In turn, this facilitates system integratio, improves service quality ,and strengthens the alignment of IT capabilities with organizational missions. Ultimately, the adoption of the proposed method can lead to higher productivity, greater process transparency, reduced duplication of efforts, and improved overall service quality for stakeholders. https://lis.aqr-libjournal.ir/article_245430.html Objective: The aim of the present study is to investigate the historical trajectory of the concept of "author" and the intellectual discourse surrounding its construction. It further examines the extent to which cataloging and organization systems in libraries have engaged with theoretical debates and semantic evolutions concerning authorship. Central to this inquiry is whether the understanding of information science specialists aligns with historical developments, or whether organization systems have instead followed an independent and divergent path. Methodology: This is a theoretical research study that employs a descriptive-analytical method to examine the semantic evolution of the concept of the "author" from its origins in the Middle Ages to the present day. The investigation focuses on both the theoretical developments and how knowledge organization systems have conceptualized the author. Data was collected using a documentary method, and the content of the texts was qualitatively studied, analyzed, and compared. Findings: The emergence of the term "author" dates back to the Middle Ages. Gradually, this term found its way into scholarly texts and subsequently into information organization systems such as cataloging rules. An examination of the historical trajectory reveals that the intellectual discourse surrounding the concept of the author from the Middle Ages to the present can be categorized into several distinct periods: The Middle Ages, where authorship was largely irrelevant, as the copying of books was primarily confined to monasteries under the supervision of the church. During this period, the concept of the author was equivalent to an authoritative figure, whose authority primarily stemmed from association with sacred texts. The period of the author's peak authority, which emerged after the invention of the printing press, enabling the reproduction of texts attributed to specific authors. The period of questioning the author's authority, which began with the New Criticism movement and continued with structuralist perspectives. Postmodern and post-structuralist thought, which rejected the authority of the author and the attributed text, ultimately speaking of the "death of the author" and the "birth of the reader." In modern cataloging rules, the role of the author has been prominently emphasized. However, in conceptual models, this role has gradually diminished, eventually being defined merely as an element in entity-relationship based standards such as IFLA LRM. Conclusion: In modern cataloging rules, the theoretical aspects of authorship have not been significantly addressed, with focus often placed on pragmatic concerns of organization. However, in recent decades, the evolution from modern cataloging and organization towards conceptual models has also been influenced by intellectual discourses surrounding the concept of the author. In light of the rapid expansion of generative AI tools, a critical re-examination of the concept of the author in digital texts has become necessary. https://lis.aqr-libjournal.ir/article_246680.html Purpose: This research aims to conduct a historical and documentary study of the processes of recruitment, retention, and maintenance of employees at the Central Library of Astan Quds Razavi during the Pahlavi era (1925-1979). The primary focus is on identifying the policies, methods, benefits, challenges, and organizational developments related to human resource management within this significant cultural-religious institution. The study seeks to elucidate how the interplay between traditional religious endowment practices and modern state bureaucracy shaped the library's workforce management strategies, ultimately aiming to derive historical insights applicable to contemporary human resource management in similar contexts.Methodology: The present study employs a documentary research method, relying on archival documents. From an initial pool of 82,680 documents related to the library in the Astan Quds Razavi database, 11,879 documents pertaining to the administrative formations of the Pahlavi period were identified. After removing duplicates, a final corpus of 10,360 documents was subjected to comprehensive analysis and systematic note-taking. To ensure validity, the triangulation strategy was utilized, which involved cross-referencing primary sources, incorporating a diverse range of document types (e.g., official letters, regulations, payroll records), and consulting with subject matter experts. Reliability was assessed using the re-evaluation method and calculating Cohen's Kappa coefficient, which yielded a high agreement rate of 87%.Findings: The findings are presented across three main themes: A. recruitment and Employment: The employment process evolved from traditional methods such as hereditary appointment and personal petition in the early Pahlavi period towards increasing bureaucratic formalization. This shift culminated in the ratification of the "Astan Quds Employment Bylaw" in 1968, which institutionalized criteria like educational qualifications, formal testing, and moral integrity. Various employment types were identified, including permanent, contractual (project-based, daily-wage, hourly), and honorary appointments. B. Retention and Maintenance: The compensation system transitioned from a mixed cash-in-kind structure in the late Qajar era to a fully cash-based salary system. While employees benefited from perks such as free healthcare, family allowances, rationed essential goods, and symbolic privileges (e.g., burial rights within the holy shrine precinct), significant sources of dissatisfaction stemmed from comparatively low salaries, delays in payment, and inadequate bonuses and rewards. Literacy programs and in-service training initiatives were also implemented, particularly during the second Pahlavi period. C. Discipline and Violations: Disciplinary actions followed a graduated approach, progressing through stages: verbal warning, salary deduction, temporary suspension, compulsory transfer, and ultimately, dismissal.Conclusion: The human resource management of the Astan Quds Razavi Library during the Pahlavi era evolved at the intersection of religious-endowment traditions and the modern centralized state bureaucracy. This interaction created a dual and transitional model, where spiritual motivations and the unique privileges of a religious institution coexisted with material shortcomings and efforts at administrative standardization. The study concludes that the key to a sustainable and effective workforce in cultural-religious institutions like this library lies in simultaneously addressing the spiritual and identity-based dimensions of work while ensuring fair and sufficient provision for employees' material and welfare needs. The historical framework provided by this research can inform the development of human resource policies in similar contemporary institutions. https://lis.aqr-libjournal.ir/article_247731.html Objective: This study aimed to identify the mechanisms for preserving and disseminating indigenous date-palm knowledge in Balochistan from the perspectives of public librarians and agricultural specialists. Methodology: This study employed an exploratory qualitative approach, emphasizing the participation of public librarians (15) and agricultural experts (12) familiar with local farming communities in Balochistan. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with participants selected through purposive sampling. The interviews focused on the processes, challenges, tools, and institutional roles associated with preserving and disseminating indigenous date-palm knowledge. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis through open, axial, and selective coding. Findings: The findings revealed that the preservation of indigenous date-palm knowledge is deeply rooted in social interaction, experiential learning, and community participation. Participants emphasized the importance of documenting knowledge through books, audio recordings, videos, photographs, blogs, and digital platforms to prevent the loss of local agricultural experiences. Public libraries and information institutions were perceived not only as repositories of information but also as mediators that facilitate knowledge documentation, training, and accessibility. The findings further showed that dissemination mechanisms involved both formal and informal approaches, including workshops, practical classes, conferences, media programs, social gatherings, and online platforms such as Instagram, Telegram, and websites. Practical field-based learning in date-palm farms and direct interaction with experienced local farmers were considered more effective than purely theoretical forms of education. The study also demonstrated that indigenous date-palm knowledge in Balochistan remains largely tacit and socially embedded. The findings revealed that digital technologies were increasingly viewed as complementary tools for knowledge dissemination; however, several barriers limited their effectiveness. The barriers included limited digital literacy and inadequate technological infrastructure. Other challenges were insufficient organizational support and high implementation costs. Weak institutional collaboration and low stakeholder motivation also affected implementation. Cultural concerns also played a major role, as some indigenous farmers were reluctant to share their knowledge due to fears of misuse, loss of ownership, or betrayal of family heritage. Conclusion: The findings indicate that indigenous date-palm knowledge in Balochistan cannot be preserved through documentation alone. This knowledge is closely tied to lived experience, local identity, family traditions, and everyday agricultural practices. The study further demonstrates that public libraries and information institutions can move beyond their traditional archival roles and function as community-based knowledge mediators. Through practical workshops, local documentation projects, digital repositories, oral history recording, and collaboration with farmers and agricultural experts, libraries can create sustainable environments for indigenous knowledge continuity. Overall, the study argues that sustainable preservation and dissemination of indigenous date-palm knowledge require an integrated ecosystem that combines oral traditions, experiential learning, digital technologies, institutional collaboration, and community participation. Such an approach can strengthen cultural continuity, support agricultural sustainability, and preserve an important component of Balochistan’s indigenous heritage for future generations. https://lis.aqr-libjournal.ir/article_250758.html Objective: In recent decades, knowledge management has emerged as one of the most important managerial approaches in organizations, playing a fundamental role in enhancing performance, innovation, organizational learning, and creating sustainable competitive advantage. Despite the considerable expansion of research in this field, particularly regarding model design, identification of success factors, and assessment of organizational readiness, a clear picture of the overall state of research on knowledge management implementation in Iranian organizations— from methodological, thematic, and practical perspectives—remains lacking. Therefore, the present study aims to systematically analyze research conducted on the implementation of knowledge management models and frameworks in Iranian organizations over the past twenty years, and to identify dominant research patterns, as well as existing gaps and deficiencies. Methods: This research is applied in nature and based on a systematic review, conducted in June 2025, covering the period from April 2005 to March 2025. The research population included Persian-language scientific–research articles indexed in domestic databases, including the Iran Journals Database (Magiran), the Scientific Information Database (SID), the Noor Specialized Journals Database (Noormags), the Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC), and Google Scholar. After searching for sources using relevant keywords, removing duplicates, and applying inclusion criteria—which included Persian-language scientific–research articles on the implementation of knowledge management in Iranian organizations—and exclusion criteria—which included review articles, non-research articles, articles without full text, articles published in journals without academic credibility, articles outside the specified time frame, and articles with methodological ambiguities—a total of 95 articles were selected for final analysis. The data were analyzed based on the research objectives, methodology, statistical population, data collection instruments, models, thematic dimensions, and success factors. Results: The findings indicate that most studies in this field are applied in nature, with quantitative research relying predominantly on researcher-developed questionnaires. Regarding the context of implementation, research has focused mainly on large industries, companies, universities, and governmental organizations. Examination of the models and frameworks used shows that only a limited number of studies explicitly report a theoretical framework, and many studies lack a clear theoretical model. Thematically, research has primarily concentrated on factors influencing implementation, deployment of models, and feasibility assessment of knowledge management, whereas the evaluation of outcomes and the actual effectiveness of knowledge management has received less attention. Additionally, network analysis of success factors revealed that organizational structure, organizational culture, and human resources play a more central role in the successful implementation of knowledge management in Iranian organizations compared to technological factors. Conclusion: Overall, the results indicate that although the body of knowledge management literature in Iran has grown significantly in quantitative terms, it faces fundamental challenges regarding theoretical development, methodological diversity, and empirical evaluation of implementation outcomes. The findings of this study can provide a foundation for guiding future research, designing indigenous models, and improving the quality of knowledge management implementation in Iranian organizations.