Library and Information Sciences

Library and Information Sciences

A Comparative Review of the Characteristics of Qur'anic Manuscripts of the Herat Method in the Timurid and Safavid Periods

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Hassan Ali Faridouni 1
Fahima Bab Al-Hawaji 2
Habibullah Azimi 3
Zahra Abazari 4
1 Ph.D. candidate, Department of Information Science and Epistemology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Iran Manager of the Manuscripts Evaluation Department, Organization of Libraries, Museums and Documents Center of Astan Quds Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Communication Sciences and Epistemology, Science and Research Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Advisor to the Director of the National Library and Records Organization, Visiting Professor, Department of Information Science and Epistemology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
4 Associate Professor, Department of Information Science and Epistemology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran
10.30481/lis.2023.419263.2113
Abstract
Objective: In this research, by comparing the features of the Qur'anic manuscripts of the Herat method in the Timurid and Safavid periods, it was seeking to identify the prescription pillars of these Qurans, and based on that, it identified other Qurans whose authorship and artistic style were unknown.
Methodology: This research has been carried out in terms of developmental goal and descriptive and analytical method with purposive sampling from among 21000 Quranic manuscripts available in the manuscripts’ treasure of Astan Quds Razavi Library, which is the statistical population of this research. Due to the lack of access to the original sources, the information gathering tool is the library catalogs and the information checklist obtained from the objective Qurans, which is based on the analysis of the bibliographic information of the reference and precious the Qurans of this course.
Findings: Based on the characteristics of the scribe's promotion and the bibliographic information of the library catalog from the Timurid period, Quranic booklet 416 and Mushaf No. 153 and from the Safavid period Mushaf No. 281, 206 and 210 from the Herat method were identified as reference and Musahafs. Their bibliographic information was analyzed in a comparative manner and finally it was determined that among all the features and pillars of bibliographic science, four features of the decorations of the Fatiha al-Kitab tablet, the script of the surahs, the decorations accompanying the text of the Quran and the composition of motifs from are the most important features that can be used to identify the Qur'anic manuscripts of this method of art in the researched periods.
Conclusion: By studying the findings of the research, it was found that it is possible to identify the Masahifs of the Herat method based on the elements of epistemology. The results of this research determined that: 1) the design of the Fatih al-Kitab surah, these decorations took up more space on the page in the Safavid period, and the margin of the tablet is two-part wide with an azure background and narrow with a black background, and a half-orange is drawn on the margin and the beginning of the surah is in Rafa's script. In the Timurid period, an azure part and a nim- toranj motif are not drawn on the border, and the head of the surah is decorated with Kufic script. 2) The decorations accompanying the Qur'an text, khoms va ‘ashar in the Timurid period are in the form of an almond and a circle, respectively, while in the Safavid period it is in the form of a circle. 3) The composition of motifs, in the Timurid period, is dominated by Islamic motifs and Roman motifs, but in the Safavid period, alvan Khatai motifs were drawn.
Keywords
Qur'anic manuscripts
Herat
Safavid period
Timurid period
آذری، زهرا (1393). نگاهی بر کتابت و تذهیب قرآن های عصر صفوی. نقش مایه، 8(20)، 57-64.
آژند، یعقوب (1387). مکتب نگارگری شیراز. تهران: فرهنگستان هنر.
اشرفی، مقدمه (1382). بهزاد و شکل گیری مکتب مینیاتور بخارا در قرن 16 میلادی. ترجمه نسترن زندی. تهران: وزارت فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی.
اکبری، الهام؛ کشمیری، مریم (1401). مقایسه ساختار تذهیب صفحات مذهب مزدوج در چهل نسخه از شاهنامه و خمسه­‌های دوره صفوی. دوفصلنامه هنرهای صناعی اسلامی،6 (1)، 85-101.
امیرراشد، سولماز؛ پنجی پور، سکینه (1398). بررسی تطبیقی تذهیب آثار ادبی دوره تیموری و صفوی. جلوه هنر، 11(1). 41-55 .
پرایس، کریستین (1393). تاریخ هنر اسلامی. تهران: امیرکبیر.
توسلی، وحید؛ عظیمی، حبیب الله (1394). بررسی ویژگی‌های آرایه‌ها و تذهیب مکتب هرات در مصاحف قرآنی آستان قدس رضوی. کتابداری و اطلاع‌رسانی، 18(3)، 3-20.
جعفری، علی اکبر؛ عرب صالحی نصرآبادی، شهناز (1396). بررسی تأثیر مکتب نگارگری هرات تیموری و سبک بهزاد بر هنر اوایل عهد صفوی (950-907 ق.). تاریخنامه خوارزمی، 5(16)، 59-76.
رهنورد، زهرا (1386). نگارگری. تهران: سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب علوم انسانی دانشگاه‌ها (سمت).
شایسته­‌فر، مهناز (١٣٨٨). کتابت و تذهیب قرآن‌های تیموری در مجموعه‌های داخل و خارج. دوفصلنامه مطالعات هنر اسلامی، ١٠. 99-120.
شریفی، سمیه؛ چیت سازیان، امیرحسین (1397). بررسی سیر تذهیب قرآن در دوره‌های تیموری، صفوی و قاجار. پژوهش در هنر و علوم انسانی، 3(3)، 61-74.
شمیلی، فرنوش؛ غفوری­فر، فاطمه؛ محمدزاده، مهدی (1397). تأملی در سرلوح قرآن‌های تذهیب شده عصر تیموری و قاجار . مطالعات فرهنگ- ارتباطات، 19(44)، 149-178.
عظیمی، حبیب الله (1396). نسخه‌­نامه. مشهد: بنیاد پژوهش­های اسلامی.
فدایی، غلامرضا (1392). آشنایی با نسخ خطی و آثار کمیاب. تهران: سمت.
گودرزی، مرتضی (1384). تاریخ نقاشی ایران از آغاز تا عصر حاضر. تهران: سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب علوم انسانی دانشگاه­‌ها (سمت).
موسوی، سیدمحسن (1401). مقایسه نگارگری مکتب گورکانی و مکتب هرات بر مبنای اندیشه کوماراسوآمی. کیمیای هنر. 11(43)، 73-87.
میر جعفری، حسین (1387). تاریخ تحولات سیاسی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی و فرهنگی ایران در دوره تیموریان و ترکمانان (ویرایش دوم). تهران: سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب علوم انسانی دانشگاه‌­ها (سمت).
References
Azari, Z. (2013). A look at the writing and gilding of the Qurans of the Safavid era. Naqsh Mayeh, 8(20), 57-64.  (in Persian)
Azhand, Y. (2008). Shiraz Painting School. Tehran: Iranian Academy of the Arts. (in Persian)
Ashrafi, M. M. (2003). Behzad and the formation of the Bukhara miniature school in the 16th century. Translated by Nastern Zandi. Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. (in Persian)
AmirRashed, S., & Panjipur, S. (2018). A Comparative Study of Literary Works’ Illumination of the Timurid & Safavid Era (Shahnameh Baysonqori & the Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasb). Glory of Art, 11(1). 41-55. (in Persian)
Price, C. (2013). History of Islamic art. Tehran: Amir Kabir. (in Persian)
Tavassoli, V., & Azimi, H. (2014). Investigating the characteristics of the arrays and gilding of the Herat school in the Qur'anic manuscripts of Astan Quds Razavi. Library and Information Science, 18(3), 20-3. (in Persian)
Jafari, A. A., & Arab Salehi Nasrabadi, S. (2016). Investigating the influence of Herat Timurid school of painting and Behzad style on the art of the early Safavid era (950-907 A.H.). History of Kharazmi, 5(16), 59-76. (in Persian)
Rahnavard, Z. (2007). Miniature. Tehran: The Organization for Researching and Composing University Textbooks in the Islamic Sciences and the Humanities (SAMT). (in Persian)
Shaisteh Far, M. (2009). Writing and gilding of Timurid Qurans in internal and external collections. Islamic Art Studies, 10, 99-120. (in Persian)
Sharifi, S., & Chitsazian, A. (2017). Investigating the process of gilding the Quran in the Timurid, Safavid and Qajar periods. Research in Arts and Humanities, 3(3), 61-74. (in Persian)
Shamili, F., Ghafourifar, F., & Mohammadzadeh, M. (2017). Contemplation on the Illuminated Qur’anic Rubrics of the Timurid and Qajar Era (A comparative study of the Qur'anic Rubrics of the samples from the Sacred Threshold of Qom and the Central Library of Tabriz). Culture-Communication Studies, 19(44), 149-178. (in Persian)
Azimi, H. (2016). Bibliography of manuscripts. Mashhad: Islamic Research Foundation. (in Persian)
Fadaei, G. (2012). Familiarity with manuscripts and rare works. Tehran: The Organization for Researching and Composing University Textbooks in the Islamic Sciences and the Humanities (SAMT(. (in Persian)
Gudarzi, M. (2005). The history of Iranian painting from the beginning to the present day. Tehran: The Organization for Researching and Composing University Textbooks in the Islamic Sciences and the Humanities (SAMT(. (in Persian)
Mousavi, S. M. (2022). Comparison of Gorkani school and Herat school based on Kumaraswamy's thought. Kimyai Honar, 11(14). 73-87. (in Persian)
Mir Jafari, H. (2008). The history of Iran's political, social, economic and cultural developments during the Timurid and Turkoman periods (second edition). Tehran: The Organization for Researching and Composing University Textbooks in the Islamic Sciences and the Humanities (SAMT). (in Persian)